John bar Penkaye was a writer of the late seventh century who was a member of the Church of the East. He lived at the time of the fifth Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. John bar Penkaye’s writings provides an eyewitness account of the early Muslim conquests of his time.
When did the Qibla move South. Penkaye gives us a clue.
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