Ports and Stops on the

Maritime Incense Route

 

Cane
Aden

Muza
Berinece

Philotera
Myos Hormos
Leuce Kome
Alia

Hawara

Gryn

Ayl
Rekem, (Petra)

Sela

Wadi Arabah

Wadi Fiqreh

Obodat

Ruheiba

Elusa

Gaza (Jenysos)
Alexandria

Further Information

Who were the ancient Arab Sea Traders?

Southern Arabia

Ancient Sailing and Navigation

History & Construction of the Dhow

Camels

Parallel Maritime Histories

The Incense Road

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gaza

The Incense Road ended on the Mediterranean Sea. From here ships could carry the precious incense on to Greece or Rome. For many years Gaza was a busy port, at least during the time of year when the Incense Caravans arrived.

The city of Gaza is sheltered by sand dunes from the sea, which is not visible
from the town. But a road leads down to the shore, where there is a landing stage. This is undoubtedly the site of the ancient port town of Gaza. Traces of ancient
walls and pottery pieces can be found laying on the ground.

While most historians refer to Gaza as the end destination of the Incense Road, the Arab (Nabataean) settlement at Gaza was south of the port at a place called
Jenysos. The Arabs are mentioned living at this place during the time of Cambyses's campaigning. Ancient Gerar is known today as Jerar. (B.J.i.7,7 Antiquities xx.8.7 Zephaniah 2:5,6, 2 Chronicles 14:8-14, Antiquities xix 6,3)

Gaza as Pirate Port
The ancient historian Diodorus describes the Nabataeans as Arab nomads who led a life of brigandage and piracy in their early history. They had overrun a large part of the Middle East. He specifically mentions that some of them had penetrated to the Mediterranean coast where they indulged in piracy, profitably attacking the merchant ships of Ptolemaic Egypt By this it is presumed that they used the port of Gaza.

Achaemenid History
Herodotus tells how Cambyses, while on his way to invade Egypt (525 BC) approached a leader of the Arabs asking him for safe conduct and water supply. These Arabs were the ones that inhabited the area from Cadytis (Gaza) to the city of Ienysus (al-'Arish). (Herodotus III 4-9). The Arabian leader then filled camel skins with water and loaded them on his camels. He drove them into the desert and waited for Cambyses army to arrive. It seems that this Arabian gesture was helpful in making the Persian king pledge a peaceful relationship with the Arabs.

As a result of this privileged situation, the Arabs were listed among the very few people on whom tribute was not laid. (Herodotus III 91). Instead they rendered gifts as a pledge of loyalty to the Persian king. The yearly gift brought by the Arabs amounted to a thousand talents (around 30 tons) weight of frankincense.

Tiglath Pileser II also managed to conquer his way to Gaza, where he installed Idi-bi'ili (Adbe'el) as his agent on the Egyptian boarder, and in so doing managed to cut the incense road. (Moscati, The Semites in Ancient History pg 123).

Battle of Gaza

After the death of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, one of Alexander's leading generals, became governor of Babylonia (321 BC). In the prolonged power struggle between the former generals of Alexander for control of the disintegrating empire, Seleucus sided with Ptolemy I of Egypt against Antigonus I, Alexander's successor on the Macedonian throne, who had forced Seleucus out of Babylonia. In 312 Seleucus defeated Demetrius at the Battle of Gaza using elephants and additional troops supplied by Ptolemy, and with a smaller force he went on to seize Babylonia, thereby founding the Seleucid kingdom.

At the battle of Gaza there was a unit of 50 javelineers, slingers and archers (of whom a third were bowmen) in each interval. The historian, Diodorus implies that this was the standard number of light armed men per elephant. Interestingly enough, the elephant's main weak spot was the soles of its feet. At the siege of Megalopolis six years earlier, heavy wooden frames studded with iron spikes were laid in the path of the elephants. At the battle of Gaza spiked devices, possibly caltrops, connected by chains were also thrown in front of the elephants.

Alexander Jannaeus

Josephus tells us that the people of Gaza, who were attacked around 100 BC by the Hasmonean ruler Alexander Jannaeus, appealed for help to Aretas, leader of the Arabs. (Nabataeans) For some reasons Aretas did not respond in time, and Gaza was taken, a puzzling omission for many historians, for Gaza was a vital port in the Nabataean trading empire. (Although it would pass out of importance within eighty years). Aretas however, was active in other ways. He expanded Nabataean territory north to Damascus, thereby also controlling the Silk Road. He then returned to took Gaza, as Alexander Jannaeus had left the city undefended.

 

Decline

Gaza was the principle port city on the Mediterranean Sea that served the Incense Road until the Maritime Incense Route was established. At that time most of the incense trade was switched to Alexandria. For further information click here.

Abbot, N., Pre-Islamic Arab Queens, AJSL 58, 1941, 1-22

Gibson, Dan. The Nabataeans, Builders of Petra, Xlibris, PA, 2003

Glucker, Carol A., The City of Gaza in the Roman and Byzantine Periods, BAR International Series 325, Oxford, 1987

Graf, David F. Arabia During Achaemenid Times, in Achaemenid History IV: Centre and Periphery-Proceedings of the Groningen 1986 Achaemenid History Workshop, ed Heleen Sancisi-Weeerdenburg and Amelie Kuhrt, Leiden: Netherlands Insituut foor het Nabije Oosten, 1990

Meyer, Martin, A., History of the City of Gaza, from the earliest times to the present Day, Columbia University Oriental Studies, Vol. V. AMS Press Inc. New York, 1966

Moscati, The Semites in Ancient History,